Critical Factors of Air Traffic Controller Meteorological Awareness and AWOS Optimization for Weather-Induced Flight Incidents Mitigation in Low Level Flight Phases
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54147/langitbiru.v19i1.1576Keywords:
Flight Safety, Wind Shear, Flight Training, Air Traffic Controller, Meteorological Training, Full Flight Simulator, Incident Analysis, Weather-Induced IncidentsAbstract
Meteorological-induced aviation incidents in Indonesia has become main concern in recent decades, specifically as it caused several casualties each year. To mitigate this risk, in-depth understanding is required, especially related to factors that contributes to incident mitigations. Within meteorological perspective, the urge matters is the sufficient instrument that provides accurate information that should be informed in timely manner, thus instrument and human factors are important to mitigate these incidents. Despite its urgency, to the best of authors’ knowledge, there is lack of study that studied both factors and interactions related to weather-induced flight incidents in Indonesia. The objective of this research is to analyze the incidents and evaluate possible improvements to be conducted to increase the flight safety in Indonesia, especially within meteorological and ATC perspectives. Literature study method is used for this work based on past investigation reports conducted by Indonesian National Transportation Safety Board. Based on the conducted analysis, low level flight phases are more prone to incidents due to human factor and low level weather phenomena such a wind shear. Therefore, it is proposed to conduct novel ATC meteorological training program with main orientations on impact-based and real-world cases using ground class and full flight simulations and AWOS optimisation for wind shear early warning detection. By optimising existing AWOS located in various airports as early alternative to LLWAS, Indonesia could save more than 2.1 trilion IDR and increase the safety level of aviation using wind shear warning from AWOS instrument supported by sufficient ATC capabilities from the training program.
Downloads
References
Boeing. (2024). Statistical Summary of Commercial Jet Airplane Accidents.
Doc 8896 Manual of Aeronautical Meteorological Practice. (2019).
Endsley, M. R. (1995). Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Human Factors, 37(1), 32–64. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872095779049543
FAA Aviation Safety. (2022). Mountain Flying. www.coloradopilots.org
Federal Aviation Administration. (2022). Risk Management Handbook. www.faa.gov.
Gultepe, I., Sharman, R., Williams, P. D., Zhou, B., Ellrod, G., Minnis, P., Trier, S., Griffin, S., Yum, S. S., Gharabaghi, B., Feltz, W., Temimi, M., Pu, Z., Storer, L. N., Kneringer, P., Weston, M. J., Chuang, H. ya, Thobois, L., Dimri, A. P., … Neto, F. L. A. (2019). A Review of High Impact Weather for Aviation Meteorology. Pure and Applied Geophysics 2019 176:5, 176(5), 1869–1921. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00024-019-02168-6
IATA. (2022). IATA Safety Report 2021 – Issued April 2022.
Indonesian Directorate General of Civil Aviation. (2026). Daftar Bandar Udara - Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara. https://hubud.kemenhub.go.id/hubud/website/bandara
Indonesian Ministry of Transportation. (2018). PERATURAN MENTERI PERHUBUNGAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR PM 95 TAHUN 2018 TENTANG PERATURAN KESELAMATAN PENERBANGAN SIPIL BAGIAN 174 (CIVIL AVIATION SAFETY REGULATIONS P ART 174) TENTANG PELAYANAN INFORMASI METEOROLOGI PENERBANGAN (AERONAUTICAL ETEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION SERVICES).
International Civil Aviation Organization. (2020). ICAO Annex 13 Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation (12th ed.). International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
International Civil Aviation Organization. (2022). Runway Excursions. https://www.faa.gov/airports/runway_safety/excursion#:~:text=A%20runway%20excursion%20(%20RE%20)%20is,the%20condition%20of%20the%20runway.
Kameswara, B., & Suryani, T. A. (2021). Regional Economic Growth and Air Transportation in Indonesia especially outside Java: a Backward Method in Multiple Regression Model. TATALOKA, 23(2), 190–200. https://doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.23.2.190-200
Komite Nasional Keselamatan Transportasi Republik Indonesia. (2022). KOMITE NASIONAL KESELAMATAN TRANSPORTASI REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA FINAL PT Sriwijaya Air Boeing 737-500; PK-CLC.
Komite Nasional Keselamatan Transportasi Republik Indonesia. (2025). Buku Statistik Investigasi Kecelakaan Transportasi Tahun 2024 (1).
Megi, C., Helmiadi, H., Nugroho, W. A., & Ramadhani, M. J. (2025). INCIDENT ANALYSIS AND STANDARDIZATION OF MOUNTAINOUS FLIGHT COMPETENCY FOR IMPROVING FLIGHT SAFETY IN INDONESIA. Jurnal Ilmiah Aviasi, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.54147/langitbiru.v18i02
NIOSH. (2024). About Hierarchy of Controls | Hierarchy of Controls | CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hierarchy-of-controls/about/index.html
NTSB 1994 US Air 1994. (n.d.).
Ramadhani, M. J., Simanihuruk, I. Y., Hidayatullah, I. S., & Syair, K. R. (2024). Airport Passengers Movement Trend Prediction by Means of Machine Learning and Deep Learning. Journal of Aeronautics, Astronautics and Aviation , 56(1), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.6125/JoAAA.202403_56(1S).05
Ratnasari, Y., Trilaksono, N. J., & Septiadi, D. (2022). Causes and impact of extreme Low Level Wind Shear (LLWS) event at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1105(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1105/1/012011
Rios Insua, D., Alfaro, C., Gomez, J., Hernandez-Coronado, P., & Bernal, F. (2018). A framework for risk management decisions in aviation safety at state level. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 179, 74–82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2016.12.002
Sheffield, E., Lee, S. Y., & Zhang, Y. (2025). A systematic review of general aviation accident factors, effects and prevention. Journal of Air Transport Management, 128, 102859. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAIRTRAMAN.2025.102859
Silva, A., Melicio, R., Deshmukh, R., & Majumdar, A. (2025). Visual Flight Rules Stabilised Approach: Identifying Human-Factor Influences on Incidents and Accidents During Stabilised Approach, Landing, and Go-Around Flight Phases for General Aviation. Applied Sciences 2025, Vol. 15, Page 8647, 15(15), 8647. https://doi.org/10.3390/APP15158647
Tim Kajian Kantor Otoritas Bandar Udara Wilayah VI - Padang. (2023). Kajian Meteorologi & Wind Shear Tim Kantor Otoritas Bandar Udara Wilayah VI - Padang & BMKG. http://hubud.dephub.go.id/hubud/website/BandaraList
Wang, F., Yuan, J., Liu, X., Wang, P., Xu, M., Li, X., & Li, H. (2024). Impacts of Flight Operations on the Risk of Runway Excursions. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 14(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14030975
Woodman, S., Bearman, C., & Hayes, P. (2024). Aviation safety and accident survivability: Where is the need for aviation rescue fire fighting services greatest? Safety Science, 173, 106465. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SSCI.2024.106465
Yen, J. R., & Chen, J. X. (2017). Modelling the preference for business charter in the cross-strait market. Journal of Air Transport Management, 64, 151–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAIRTRAMAN.2016.08.010
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
